Periodontal disease, also called gum disease or periodontitis, is a progressive inflammatory condition that affects the gums, the supporting tissues around the teeth, and, if untreated, the jawbone. It is one of the most common oral health problems and the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. Understanding how it develops, how it’s diagnosed, and what treatment options are available can help protect your smile long-term.
What Causes Periodontal (Gum) Disease?
Periodontal disease typically begins with gingivitis, a mild infection caused by plaque bacteria. As the condition progresses, toxins from plaque irritate and inflame the gums.
- Plaque bacteria irritate gum tissue.
- Infection becomes harder to remove once it settles into gum pockets.
- The body responds with chronic inflammation, breaking down bone and soft tissue.
- Without treatment, pockets deepen, teeth loosen, and tooth loss may occur.
What Are the Main Types of Periodontal Disease?
Chronic Periodontitis
- Most common form.
- Causes gum recession and deep pockets.
- Teeth may appear longer as gums recede.
- Progresses slowly with periods of rapid activity.
Aggressive Periodontitis
- Occurs in otherwise healthy individuals.
- Rapid loss of gum attachment and bone.
- Often runs in families.
Necrotizing Periodontitis
- Linked to systemic conditions such as HIV, malnutrition, or immune suppression.
- Involves tissue death in the gums, periodontal ligament, and bone.
Periodontitis Caused by Systemic Disease
- Often appears at a younger age.
- Associated with conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and respiratory illnesses.
How Is Periodontal Disease Diagnosed?
Periodontal disease is diagnosed during a periodontal examination, which should be part of every routine dental checkup.
Your dentist or hygienist will assess:
- Pocket depths using a periodontal probe
- Gum bleeding and inflammation
- Tartar buildup
- Tooth mobility
- Bone levels on X-rays
Diagnostic Classifications
- Gingivitis: Red, tender gums that bleed easily.
- Periodontitis: Tartar buildup, gum recession, deeper pockets, possible bone loss.
- Advanced Periodontitis: Severe bone loss, loose teeth, risk of tooth loss.
What Are the Treatment Options for Periodontal Disease?
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the disease. A full periodontal evaluation is always completed before recommending care.
Scaling and Root Planing (Deep Cleaning)
- Removes plaque, tartar, and bacteria from above and below the gumline.
- Smooths root surfaces to promote gum healing.
- May include antibiotic therapy or prescription rinses.
Tissue Regeneration
- Encourages regrowth of bone and gum tissue lost to the disease.
- Often involves grafting procedures or special membranes.
Pocket Reduction Surgery (Flap Surgery)
- Reduces deep pockets that harbor bacteria.
- May reshape bone to prevent further bacterial colonization.
Dental Implants
- Used to replace teeth lost due to periodontal disease.
- May require tissue regeneration beforehand.
What Happens If Periodontal Disease Isn’t Treated?
- Deepening pockets around teeth
- Progressive bone loss
- Loose or shifting teeth
- Eventual tooth loss
- Increased risk of systemic health problems
What Does Periodontal Maintenance Involve?
Once treatment is complete, ongoing maintenance is essential, usually every 3–4 months.
Maintenance visits include:
- Periodontal cleanings above and below the gumline
- Pocket depth measurements
- Removal of plaque and tartar
- Review of oral hygiene practices
- X-rays as needed to monitor bone health
- Evaluation of restorations and gums
- Oral cancer screening
- Teeth polishing to remove stains and residual plaque
Regular maintenance helps keep the disease under control and prevents progression.
How Can You Prevent Periodontal Disease?
- Brush teeth at least twice daily.
- Floss or use interdental cleaners every day.
- Attend regular dental cleanings and exams.
- Avoid tobacco use.
- Maintain a balanced diet and limit sugar intake.
- Follow periodontal maintenance instructions if already diagnosed.